Introduction to physics

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Astronomers Just Discovered The Most Ancient Spiral Galaxy

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Spiral galaxy A1689B11 sits behind a massive cluster of galaxies that acts as a lens, producing two magnified images of the spiral galaxy in different positions in the sky. Credit: James Josephides The most ancient spiral galaxy discovered to date is revealing its secrets to a team of astronomers at Swinburne University of Technology and The Australian National University (ANU), part of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in All Sky Astrophysics in 3-D (ASTRO 3-D).  The galaxy is known as A1689B11.  It existed 11 billion years in the past, just 2.6 billion years after the Big Bang, when the universe was only one fifth of its present age. It is thus the most ancient spiral galaxy discovered so far. The researchers used a powerful technique that combines gravitational lensing with the cutting-edge instrument the Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) on the Gemini North telescope in Hawai'i to verify the vintage and spiral nature of this gala
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Experts Restore Largest Known Early World Map, Complete With Unicorns, Lizard People, And Mermen

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Experts have restored one of the largest known early maps of the world, and it's glorious, mythical creatures and all. The hand-drawn map was created 430 years ago by Urbano Monte. Centuries later, collector David Rumsey and his nephew have painstakingly scanned and digitally stitched together all 60 pages previously bound in an atlas, completing the map for the first time as it was originally intended. While little is known about the 16th-century cartographer who made it, the newly restored map gives insight into how people at the time understood the world. Created in 1587 in Milan, Italy, it shows the world in great detail, and was quite advanced for its day. The world as seen from above, looking down on the North Pole, was a perspective not commonly used by mapmakers at the time. Monte's depiction of Japan also shows a lot more place names than maps made by his contemporaries, likely because Monte met with Japanese delegations when they visited Milan in 1585,  David
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Underwater Archaeologists Discover Roman Harbor In Ancient Greek Port

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Underwater archaeologists carrying out excavations in Lechaion, once upon a time the main harbor town of Ancient Corinth, have discovered some impressive examples of Roman engineering underneath the waves. The ancient city of Corinth, located on the Peloponnese peninsula of southern Greece, was once a strategic city of great power, placed as it was with easy access to the Mediterranean trade routes. It was famously destroyed by the Romans in 146 BCE, who laid the city to waste, and wouldn’t be rebuilt until a century later, by Julius Caesar no less. Danish and Greek archaeologists from the University of Copenhagen and Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities have been working on the  Lechaion Harbour Project  since 2013, and a have a five-year permit to explore the area, but this year has been notable for its breakthrough historic finds. “During the 2017 excavations, the first Roman-period harbor structures at Lechaion have come to light,” said project co-director Bjørn Lovén, from
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